Shrimp

Like other agricultural products and industries, shrimp production plays an important role in economic prosperity and employment in south and north coast, accordingly, preliminary research on the feasibility of shrimp breeding in Iran has been carried out by the Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute at the Shrimp Research Institute in Bushehr since 1363, This was followed by investment in public and private sectors in some areas of Bushehr province and the southern coast of the country. Shrimp production has been a growing trend in Iran since the 70s decade. Since it has been effective in providing food security, developing coastal deprived areas and generating foreign exchange earnings. The 900 kilometers of water border in the north and 1800 kilometers in the southern coast and islands of the country are among the most important advantages of Iran for the cultivation of shrimp and other aquacultures. So far, more than 200 thousand  hectares of land suitable for shrimp production in Iran have been identified. Aquatic shrimp is a valuable nutrient that has high export value. In the last few years, valuable efforts have been made to provide research in one of the most important sub-fisheries development programs, that means provide breeding and rearing of sea shrimp. The benefits of investing in this area include production, employment, exchange, meat supply, construction and development ,the creation of a safety belt on the coast and in the country.

Introduction to Shrimp Properties

Shrimp are the largest group of crustaceans with an outer surface covered with hard chitin. Their bodies are 7 to 15 cm in length, compressed on both sides, and consist of two limbs attached and connected to the abdomen and tail. Shrimps are cold-blooded animals whose overall physiological activity corresponds to the aquatic environment and live in the shallow waters of the seas between 27 and 180 meters and in the Persian Gulf 15 to 22 meters. And generally shrimps are animals that die out of water in less than 64 minutes, In terms of nutrition, they eat everything and feed on phytoplankton, algae, mollusks and roundworms depending on the stages of growth. Shrimp have more than 300 species worldwide, with almost 30 of them commercially important. These species usually belong to the Penaeus family, The economically important shrimp of the Persian Gulf can be mentioned below:

Penaeus indicus

Penaeus merguiensis

Penaeus semisuleatus

Metapenaeus affinis

Litopenaeus Vannamei (white leg shrimp)

penaeus indicus

میگو سفید هندی

The shrimp are pale yellow and scattered blue moles and reddish legs. The average length of females is 12 to 17 cm, weighs 30 to 35 grams, males is 11 to 13 cm, and weighs 25 to 30 grams. The highest density of this species is in Jask city in Hormozgan. A temperature of 22 to 23 ° C and a salinity of 15 to 25 parts per thousand are suitable for this species.

penaeus merguiensis

میگو موزی

The body color of these shrimps is pinkish-yellow and for the breeding shrimps varies from cream to gray. Their body is a single color with small red spots. The body’s length varies from 12.5 to 15 cm. Hormozgan province is the most important fishing species and one of the most expensive and most important edible shrimps. A temperature of 25 to 32 ° C and a salinity of 15 to 32 parts per thousand are suitable for this species.

Penaeus semisuleatus

میگوی ببری سبز

This type of shrimp has a long body, ranging from yellow to orange with purple-brown transverse strips on the abdomen, up to 18 cm in males and 23 cm in females and their weigh is about 130 grams. This shrimp is also known as pink shrimp. One of its hunting spots is in Hormozgan province around Lark Island. A temperature of 24 to 34 ° C and a salinity of 15 to 28 parts per thousand are suitable for this species.

Metapenaeus affinis

میگوی سفید یاسرتیزBody color is green to white or pink, and sometimes brown. The maximum length of females is 19 cm and the males is 15 and it is one of the economic species of Khuzestan province.

Litopenaeus Vannamei (White leg Shrimp)

میگوی پاسفید یا وانامی

A new species that our country’s fisheries researchers have introduced to the Iranian shrimp breeding industry is the white shrimp native to the Latin American west coast. Its benefits include resistance to salinity, cold and disease and the highest growth among other cultivated species. This species was introduced at commercial level in Iran in year 5, which as a complementary species to native shrimp could have a good place in Iranian aquaculture industry. The scientific name of the species is Litopenaeus Vannamei (Whiteleg Shrimp), their body color is white and grows up to 23 cm. The best temperature for low weights (1 g) is 30°C and for larger shrimp (12–18 g) 27° C. Therefore growing this shrimp in the cold seasons will also be economical. White leg shrimp need less protein foods and therefore cheaper food.

Breeding Techniques:

These techniques can be divided into four groups based on the amount of storage density used in them:

1) Extensive
2) Dense
3) Semi-Dense
4) Super-Dense

Extensive:

This breeding method is most commonly found in Latin America, where Western Pacific white leg shrimp breeding is established in tidal areas where water or air pumping is not used, the pools are of irregular shape with an area of 10 to 15 hectares and a depth of 0.7 to 1.2 meter, and post-larvae from artificial replication with a shrimp density of 4-10 pieces per square meter are stored in this method; Primary nutrition of shrimp from natural foods pool and maximized once a day with a diet formulated with low protein content. After 4–5 months, small shrimp weighing 11 to 12g are harvested. The crop is 150 to 500 kg per hectare per harvest with 1 to 2 times per year.

Dense:

This method is even more common in Latin America with regular water replacement by pumping. Shrimps are fed from pool-based natural food produced by fertilizer and also fed from formulated foods 2 to 3 times a day. The production rate is 500 to 2000 kg / hectares per harvest.

Semi-Dense:

Usually these fields are in non-tidal areas where the pools are completely drained and repaired before any storage, and increasingly they are located in offshore and low water areas. Usually these fields are in non-tidal areas where the pools are completely drained and repaired before any storage, and increasingly they are located in offshore and low water salinity areas. This method is more common in Asia and some parts of Latin America where the pools are earthy or concrete. Concrete pools are used to reduce erosion and improve water quality. The pools are small, square or round, with water depths over 1.5 meters. Oxygenated aeration is essential for a meal of 4 to 5 servings and a yield of 7000 to 20000 kg per hectare.

Super-Dense:

In recent years, researchers in the United States have been raising the interest of western white-legged shrimp in systems without water exchange or reuse and post-larval storage. It should be noted that as shrimp cultivation density increases per unit area, oxygen supply and ozonation systems need to be used to discharge inlet or return water as well as to replace water. For the cultivation of western white shrimp in Iran, storage density of 15 pieces per square meter is considered to be suitable and profitable for this species.

Quality of Post-larvae and Shrimp

Shrimp growth and survival rates in feeding pools often depend on the quality of the post-larval larvae, not being the same size and the poor quality of the post-larvae leads to slow growth during breeding. Before ordering, it should be viewed in hatchery to ensure its quality. The post quality of the larvae can be externally sized up to 5 mm, with 5 teeth on the rostrum surface; Also, the larvae are active and shaped, both in size and color, with a smooth, clean shell and free from any algae. The rostrum and appendages should be complete and normal in shape and should actively swim. The rostrum and attachment should be complete and normal in shape and should actively swim. The shrimp baby needs no food after hatching and feeds on the yolk that was contained in the egg, but from the napoli stage 5 must be fed and fed on phytoplankton. When the shrimp gets a little bigger and reaches the larval stage, higher levels of nutrients and vitamins are used. They also feed on a being called Artemia that feeds the baby in separate tanks and serves as a live feed. And they give shrimp the larvae as live food.

The water used is seawater and to remove contamination, water is passed through special filters and ozone is applied, and after ozone gas is neutralized, it is used for shrimp. Since the shrimp hatches until the baby reaches the age of breeding, it takes between 25, 30 days to grow different sized foods during the breeding season depending on the size of the shrimp’s mouth. And the frequency of feeding increases with shrimp age and the feeding time for shrimp is 4 to 5 times a day, between 4am and 10pm.

Larval life stages include:
1) Egg
2) Nauplii
3) zoea
4) Mysis
5) post-larvae

Structure of Shrimp Breeding Pools:

Shrimp pools are made of soil, Since shrimps are benthic, they use the bottom of the pool for living. The pools have a depth of between 1 and 2.1 meters. These breeding pools have inlet and outlet valves. The inlet is equipped with small meshes to prevent weeds or harmful creatures from entering. The outlet has a concrete structure that consists of three rows of grooves that drain water from the pool and the pool area is usually one hectare, and the slope of these pools is from inlet to outlet two in a thousand.

Plowing

By plowing, the surface layer of the soil is exposed to the air, causing toxic gases to escape. For this purpose, 20 to 30 centimeters of soil will upheaval. In the post-harvest period shrimp with lime sprinkler and pool wall repair to prepare it for the new season.
filling up pools are in two stages: The first stage is fill up the pool at a height of 40 cm and performs initial fertilization operations After 2 or 3 days, the floating pool develops throughout the entire surface of the pool, And then the second stage of water filling begins, during which the pool is raised to a height of one meter and the larvae can move, the best shape for shrimp pools is a rectangular or circular shape.

The main parts of a breeding farm

  1. Entrance
  2. Engineroom
  3. Water storage pond
  4. Water channels
  5. Fences
  6. Transition sediment pond
  7. Input and output filtration and purification

Shrimp disease

Diseases are usually a secondary cause of tank hygiene, inadequate water exchange, quantity or quality of food, and poor oxygen supply, with single-celled cells being the most common cause of larval disease. Shell disease or black spots are the most obvious post-larval diseases and market-size mimosas due to the invasion of chitin-degrading bacteria. Blurry or whitish muscle tissue that is often applied to the tail is likely to be a response to stress.

Aerating or oxygenating in breeding pools

One of the factors contributing to the increase in production per unit area is the provision of sufficient and needed oxygen to the pools, which usually utilize a variety of aeration techniques, such as steam engines, airbags or turbine turbines.

Turing Turbine:
In this type of aeration, by rotating the blade in deep water and injecting air into the water, it aids in air conditioning and oxygen transfer into the water. And they are desirable in water pools. The benefits of this type of aeration are that the air can be injected into the depths of water with proper adjustment and depth. And the most interesting thing about using a Turing Turbine is the low noise and its safety in shrimp systems.

Advantages and Features of TuringTurbine Machine Compared to Existing Models

  • No maintenance required
  • There are no moving parts inside the machine
  • Non-clogging by sludge, grass and sand
  • Noisy and costly compressors are not required for aeration
  • No water bump
  • Increased oxygen keeping time in water
  • No need for lubrication

  • No stress in special aquatic ponds
  • Made of stainless material
  • Very low noise when working
  • Create a gentle flow in the water body
  • Because of the crushing oxygen bubbles into smaller size, it creates a cloudy form inside the water. This will dissolve more oxygen in the water.
  • Ability to work from a depth of 5 to 8 meters
  • Permanent and indsutrial work
  • About 50 to 60 percent lower energy consumption than different models of aeration
  • In this system, air enters the water, Which is important in terms of the nature and impact of aeration
  • No need for construction equipment (such as engine room and air plumbing and electric valve controls) to install equipment